All the above are classed as inductive 'wound' components and all use the property of inductance - they are all inductors in one form or another. Inductance is an effect of electromagnetism.

Simply (and I do mean simply) explained, when a wire conductor is passing current an electric field is set up at right angles to the flow of current. In DC circuits this causes little trouble but in AC circuits, where the flow is continually reversing, the field is constantly collapsing and rebuilding in the opposite polarity, in time with the changing AC waveform.

Wrap the conductor wire around a former to create a coil and each turn of the wire will lie adjacent to the turns around it. This sets up a complex electromagnetic system - a combination of 'ordinary' resistance, self-inductance and the capacity of the circuit, all of which acts as a 'brake' to the current, impeding its progress. This is roughly where the term impedance comes from. Impedance is measured in ohms although the symbol for impedance is Z.

With a loudspeaker, the coil is wrapped around a thin former which slides freely over the pole of a permanent magnet. The changing signal through the speech coil is translated into movement of the coil due to magnetic attraction/repulsion (remember from schooldays - like poles repel, opposites attract). The movement is linked to the loudspeaker cone to create sound.

With the transformer, inductive coupling from one winding (the primary) to another (the secondary) not electrically connected takes place, transferring the AC current. Altering the primary-secondary turns ratio allows increases or decreases in voltage obtained. This is known as step-up or step-down. 1-1 transformers are often called 'isolation' transformers as they give a measure of protection due to the finite limit of current available from the secondary. AC only sets mostly, but not entirely, use transformers both to step up and to isolate from the mains.

IF transformers couple inductively but are tuned circuits, the tuning being either capacitive across the coil or, far more often, by metal or iron-dust core within the former.

Chokes act as low-ohms resistors to the rectified mains power, working together with reservoir capacitors, limiting the remaining AC ripple but allowing the DC component to flow virtually unimpeded.

Tuning coils have parallel capacitors to form 'tuned' circuits. In any tuned circuit, capacitive reactance falls as the frequency rises. Inductive reactance rises as the frequency rises. The falling reactance of the capacitor meets the rising reactance of the inductor at a frequency determined by the values of both. At the coincident point the circuit is said to be in resonance, resulting in the magnification of any transmitted signal at that frequency. The magnification obtained by any given inductance is termed its 'Q' value.

Such resonant points may be quite 'sharp' and excessively sharp resonance may result in unwanted effects such as instability or severe sideband limiting, the latter resulting in poor quality sound, lacking 'top'. Careful component design can combat this problem but sometimes it is necessary to dampen the peak by fitting a parallel resistance across the inductance, or by staggering the peak points where two or more transformer stages are in use, for example the IF  circuitry in television receivers where there are several IF amplifying stages in series.